1. There is some controversy whether “riot,” which is a racially loaded term, is the right word for this incident. I have used it here because most media outlets at that time referred to it as such.
2. Quote in Gerald Sider, Living Indian Histories: Lumbee and Tuscarora People in North Carolina (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 129; Adolph L. Dial, The Lumbee (New York: Chelsea House, 1993), 90-95; Adolph L. Dial and David K. Eliades, The Only Land I Know: A History of the Lumbee Indians (San Francisco, CA: The Indian Historian Press, 1975), 156-159; Karen I. Blu, The Lumbee Problem: The Making of an American Indian People (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 70.
3. Dial, The Lumbee, 95-99; Dial and Eliades, The Only Land I Know, 159; Charles Craven, “The Robeson County Indian Uprising Against the KKK,” South Atlantic Quarterly 57 (1958): 43-40; William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (Oxford University Press, 1981).
4. Quote from The Fayetteville Observer, January 18, 2008; “Maxton Board, Citizens Ask Boycott of Klan Meet,” The Scottish Chief, January 17, 1958, 1; “Klan Cross Burnings Anger Robeson Citizens,” The Scottish Chief, January 17, 1958, 1.
5. “One Klansman to Face Charges; Minister Slated For Indictment,” The News and Observer, January 20, 1958, 1, 3.
6. Craven, “Robeson County Indian Uprising,” 43-40; Dial, The Lumbee; Lew Barton, The Most Ironic Story in American History: An Authoritative, Documented History of the Lumbee Indians of North Carolina (Charlotte, NC: Associated Printing Corporation, 1967), 98; Dial and Eliades, The Only Land I Know, 159-160; Sider, Living Indian Histories, 101.
7. Quote in The Fayetteville Observer, January 18, 2008; Craven, “Robeson County Indian Uprising,” 43-40; Dial, The Lumbee, 90-95; Dial and Eliades, The Only Land I Know, 156-159.
8. Craven, “Robeson County Indian Uprising,” 439.
9. Quote in “Four Who Were There,” The Fayetteville Observer, January 18, 2008; Barton, The Most Ironic Story, 98; Dial, The Lumbee, 95-99; Dial and Eliades, The Only Land I Know, 159-160; Penkins, “Gathering Broken Up,” 1; Julian Morrison, “Whooping Lumbees in Wild Uproar Use Gas, Guns,” The Greensboro Daily News, January 19, 1958, 1; Craven, “Robeson County Indian Uprising,” 43-40.
10. Quote in Robert A. Willis, “Proud Lumbee Holds Klan Flag As Trophy,” The Greensboro Daily News, January 20, 1958, 1; “‘This Banner is Mine,'” The News and Observer, January 20, 1958, 3.
11. “Cole Plans Another Rally With Indians Outnumbered,” The Robesonian, January 27, 1958, 1.
12. Letter from John A. Mason, Legal Assistant to Governor George B. Timmerman, Jr., to James Cole dated January 30, 1958, Box 40.1.a, James William Cole Papers, Collection No. 40, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina (hereafter cited as James William Cole Papers); Letter from James Garland Martin to James W. Cole dated July 29, 1957, Box 40.1.a, James William Cole Papers; “Jury Charges Klan Leader,” 1; “Trial of Klansmen Set For Wednesday,” The Robesonian, January 23, 1958, 1; “King Kat-fish Kole Kries Against Robeson Justice,” The Robesonian, January 28, 1958, 1.